– Some applications of protein engineering are:

1). Improving the function, stability, specificity, or diversity of enzymes for industrial catalysis. For example, protein engineering can enhance the activity and enantioselectivity of ketoreductase, an enzyme that can reduce ketones to chiral alcohols, which are useful for synthesizing drugs.

2). Developing novel or improved proteins for therapeutic purposes. For example, protein engineering can design antibodies that can bind to specific targets and modulate immune responses, such as CAR-T cells for cancer immunotherapy.

3). Creating artificial proteins that can perform novel functions or interactions. For example, protein engineering can design de novo proteins that can self-assemble into functional nanomaterials or biosensors.

4). Exploring the structure and function of natural proteins and their evolution. For example, protein engineering can generate protein variants that can reveal the effects of mutations or insertions on protein folding, stability, activity, or interaction.